சாகுபடி

rhFgo

gyh rhFgof]nfw;w jl;gbtg;gk; kw;Wk; kz;tsk]

jl;gbtg;gk;

gyh btg;g kz;ly kw;Wk; kpj btg;g kz;ly NHy;fspy; gaph; bra;a Vw;wJ. gyhkuk; <ug;gjk; mjpfKs;s g[{kj;jpa nuifg;gFjpfspy; kl;Lnk tsuf;ToaJ. gyhkuj;jpd] kw;bwhU ,dkhd fwpgyhit tpl cyh;e;j Fsph;r;rpahd fhyepiyfspy; tsuf;ToaJ vd;whYk; ciwgdpiaj; jh';Fk; rf;jp gyhkuj;jpw;F ,y;iy. ,e;jpahtpy;/ gyh ku';fs; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1600 kPl;lh; cauk; tiuapyhd ,l';fspy; Tl fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J jhH;thd epyg;gug;gpy; ed;whf tsuty;yJ. gHj;jpd; juKk; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1600 kP cauk; tiu ed]F tsuf;ToaJ. Mdhy; 4000 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F nkyhd ,l';fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gyhg;gH';fs; Fiwe;j juKs;sitahf ,Uf;Fk;. gyhtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F 16 Kjy; 28 ofphp bry;rpa!; btg;g epiy Vw;wJ. gyh ku';fshy; ciw gdp btg;gepiyia jh';f ,ayhJ. kpjkhd btg;gepiy gyhkuj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; gH cw;gj;jpf;Fk; kpft[k; cfe;jJ.

kiHast[

ey;y kfNYf;F ey;y gutyhd 1500 kpkP kiHast[ mtrpakhFk.; gyh kuj;jpd; tsh;r;rp 1000 kpkP kiHastpw;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. kiH Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; ePh;g;ghrdk; bra;a ntz;oaJ mtrpakhFk;.

gyhtpw;fhd fhyepiy njitfs;

gyhtpd; ,uf';fs

gyh may; kfue;j nrh;f;if jd;ik bfhz;l xU gHkukhFk;. fha;f;Fk; jd;ik/ fha;fspd; vil/ mst[/ totk;/ Risfspd; totk;/ epwk;/ Rit Mfpatw;wpy; gy;ntW ,ay;g[fs; bfhz;l tiffs; gyhtpy; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tiffspypUe;J rpwe;j tifis njh;t[ bra;J ,ufkhf rhFgof;F ghpe;Jiu bra;tjd; \yk; gyh rhFgoapy; kfNy; kw;Wk; tUkhdj;ij mjpfhpf;f bra;ayhk;.

gyhtpd; tiffs;

bghJthf Risfspd; jd;ikiag; bghWj;J gyh ,U tiffshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

bkd; Risfs; bfhz;lit
cWjpahd Risfs; bfhz;lit

bkd; Risfs; bfhz;lit

gH';fs; gGj;j gpd;g[ Risfs; ey;y kzKlDk;/ kpft[k; bkd;ikahft[k; ,sk; k";rs;/ mlh; k";rs;/ kw;Wk; bghd; k";rs; epw';fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. rijg;gw;W bkd;ikahf my;yJ bfhHbfhHg;g[ jd;ika[ld; fhzg;gLk;. ,t;tifg; gH';fs; bghpa bfhl;ilfs; bfhz;litahFk;. cWjpahd Risfs; bfhz;l tiffs; nghy; ,d]wp Risfs; Fiwe;j ,dpg;g[lndh my;yJ Ritaw;nwh ,Uf;Fk;. bkd;Ris bfhz;lit bgUk;ghYk; fha;fwpahf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

cWjpahd Risfs; bfhz;lit

gH';fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLgit cWjpahd Risfs; tifapidr; rhh;e;jit MFk;. gGj;j gpd;g[k; Risfs; kpUJthd/ mnj rkak; cWjpahf ,Uf;Fk;. Risfs; ,sk; k";rs;/ mlh;k";rs;/ bghd; k";rs; kw;Wk; ,s";rptg;g[epw';fspy; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j tifg;gH';fs; bghJthf rpwpa bfhl;ilfis bfhz;oUf;Fk;.

இரகங்கள்

jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpypUe;J cah;tpisr;ry; ,uf';fs; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;L rhFgof;fhf ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit ghY}h; 1/ ghY}h; 2 kw;Wk; ngr;rpg;ghiw 1 MFk;.

ghYhh; 1

flY}h; khtl;lk; ghY}hpy; cs;s fha;fwp Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpypUe;J 1992k; tUlk; btspaplg;gl;l rpwe;j ,ufkhFk;.,J gd;Ul;of;F mUfpy; cs;s gdpf;fd;Fg;gk; vd;w Chpy; ,Ue;j ehl;L ,ufj;jpypUe;J fpis xl;L \yk; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ. ku';fs; eLj;ju cauk; kw;Wk; kpjkhd fpisg;glh;t[ jd;ik bfhz;ljhy; mlh;elt[ Kiwf;F Vw;wjhFk;. kfNy; 900 fpnyh/ kuk;/ xU kuj;jpd; ruhrhp gH vil 12 fpnyh/ xU gHj;jpy; 115-120 Risfs; ,Uf;Fk;. Risfs; jpwl;rpahft[k;/ rhW epiwe;Jk; ehh;fs; ,y;yhky; mjpf Rita[ld; ,Uf;Fk;. gUtky;yh fhyj;jpYk; fha;f;Fk; jd;ik bfhz;L kfNy; jUtJ ,e;j ,ufj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ik vd;gjhy; tptrhapfSf;F TLjy; tUkhdk; fpilf;Fk;. ed;F gGj;j gH';fspy; Ks;spd; Edp kG';fp ,Uf;Fk;.

ghYhh; 2

gj;jpuf;nfhl;il ehl;L ,ufj;jpypUe;J njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;L 2007k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;lJ. jukhd bghpa mst[ gH';fs; bfhz;lJ. Ritahd Risfis bfhz;Ls;sjhy; mjpf re;ij tpiy bgwf;ToaJ. ruhrhpahf kuk; xd;Wf;F 1600 - 1950 fpnyh kfNy; juf;ToaJ. xU kuj;jpy; gH';fspd; ruhrhp vz;zpf;if 95-110 MFk;. ey;y MHkhd kz; fz;lKs;s tofhy; trjp bfhz;l kz; tiffs; rhFgof;F cfe;jJ.

ngr;rpg;ghiw 1

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk; ngr;rpg;ghiwapy; cs;s jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fHfj;ij rhh;e;j njhl;lf;fiy Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpypUe;J 1996k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;l ,ufkhFk;.,J KyF\L vd;w ehl;L ,ufj;jpype;J xl;L \yk; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l ,ufkhFk;.kuk; xd;Wf;F 1800 fpnyh kfNy; fpilf;Fk;. ,J ehl;L ,ufj;ij tpl 40 rjk; mjpfk;. ruhrhpahf xU kuj;jpy; 107 gH';fs;; ,Uf;Fk;. tUlj;jpw;F Vg;uy; - $[^d;/ etk;gh; - brg;lk;gh; vd ,UKiw kfNy; bgwyhk;. mjpf mst[ itl;lkpd; rp kw;Wk; ,dpg;g[ Rit bfhz;l kzk; epiwe;j Risfs; cila ,ufkhFk;. mokuj;jpy; fha;gpog;g[mjpfk] fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j ,ufk; tzpf rhFgo kw;Wk; tPl;Lj; njhl;l';fSf;F cfe;jJ.

gh;ypahh; 1 (jp.efh; gyh)

,e;j ,ufkhdJ njhl;lf;fiyj; Jiwapd; gh;ypahh; gH Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpypUe;J btspaplg;gl;lJ.,ufj;jpd; ku';fs; eLj;ju cauj;jpy; mjpf mst[ fha;g;gpof;Fk; jpwDilaJ.

Rth;zh

bg';f~hpy; cs;s ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fHfj;jhy; 2010-y; btspaplg;gl;lJ. mokuk;/ Kjd;ik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy fpisfspy; gH';fs; fhzg;gLk;. eLj;ju mst[s;s 6-8 fpnyh vila[s;s gH';fs; bfhz;lJ. Risfs; bghd;epwj;Jld; mjpf ,dpg;g[ Rit bfhz;litahFk;.

சிந்தூர்

jpUr;Nhpy; cs;s 2015-y; ,UKiw fha;f;Fk; jd;ik bfhz;lJ. kuk; xd;wpy; 25 gG';fs; fha;f;Fk;. ruhrhpahf 11-12 fpnyh vila[s;s gH';fspd; Risfs; ,s";rptg;g[ tz;zj;jpy; gpuj;naf kzk; kw;Wk; Rit bfhz;lit MFk;.

Rth;z kndhfh;

,e;j ,ufkhdJ/ thuzhrpapypUf;Fk; ,e;jpa fha;fwp Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jhy; 2004-k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;lJ. $hh;fz;l;; ehl;L ,ufj;jpypUe;J njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ. $hh;fz;l; khepy rhFgof;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. kuk; xd;wpw;F 550 fpnyh gH';fs; fpilf;Fk;. ruhrhpahf 14 fpnyh vila[s;s rPuhd mst[s;s gH';fis bgwyhk;. Risfs; mjpf ,dpg;g[ Rita[ld; fhzg;gLk;.10 X 10 kP ,ilbtspapy; rhFgo bra;ayhk;;.

Rth;zh g{h;j;jp

,e;j ,ufkhdJ/ thuzhrpapypUf;Fk; ,e;jpa fha;fwp Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jhy; 2004-k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;lJ. $hh;fz;l; khepy rhFgof;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.njhuhakhf 4.2 fpnyh vila[s;s cUz;il totkhd gH';fis bgwyhk;. Risfs; mjpf ,dpg;g[ Rita[ld; fhzg;gLk;.

fh;ehlf khepyk;/ Jk;Th; khtl;lj;jpd; nrY}h; vd;w fpuhkj;jpypUe;J tptrhap xUtuhy; njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;L/ kj;jpa njhl;lf;fiy Muha;r;rp epiyak; \yk; 2017-y; btspaplg;gl;l njh;t[ ,ufkhFk;. eLj;ju msthd gH';fspd; Risfs; rptg;g[ epwk; bfhz;lit. ftuf;Toa rptg;g[ epwk; bfhz;l Risfshy; ,e;j ,ufj;jpw;F re;ijapy; ey;y tuntw;g[ cs;sJ. vdnt bg';fSUtpYs;s njrpa njhl;lf;fiy Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpy; ,e;j ,ufk; gaph; bgUf;fk; bra;ag;gl;L tptrhapfSf;F fpilf;f tHptif bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

rp';fg;g{h; gyh

rp';fg;g{h; gyh ’rpnyhd; gyh’ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,y';ifapypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F 1949y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kpf FWfpa fhyj;jpy; fha;f;Fk; jd;ik bfhz;lJ. elt[ bra;J 18 khj';fspypUe;J 2.5 Mz;LfSf;Fs; fha;f;f Jt';FfpwJ. $Pd; - $Piy kw;Wk; mf;nlhgh; - brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; gH';fs; mWtilf;F jahuhFk;.

bfh';fd;; g[nuhypgpf;

kfhuh#;ouh khepyj;jpd; jnghypapy; cs;s ghyhrhfPg; rthe;j; bfh';fd; fphp#p tpj;ahgPj; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jhy; 2004-k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;l ,ufkhFk;. ruhrhpahf 14 kP cauk; tsUk; ,e;j ,ufj;jpd; gH';fs; 8-9 fpnyh vila[s;sit. Ritahd/ kzKs;s/ Risfs; cila ,ufkhFk;. kuk; xd;Wf;F 450 fpnyh kfNy; $dthp – gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; elt[ bra;J 6-7 tUl';fspy; fha;f;Fk;.

tPhpa xl;L gyh

fy;yhhpy; cs;s gH Muha;r;rp epiyak; cUthf;fpa tPhpa xl;L ,ufkhFk;. ,e;j xl;L ,ufkhdJ 1996-y; btspaplg;gl;lJ. ,J rp';fg;g{h; gyh kw;Wk; ntypg;gyhtpd; fyg;gpdkhFk;. mjpf fha;g;gpof;Fk; jpwd; bfhz;l ,jd; Risfs; bghpajhft[k;/ mjpf Rit bfhz;lita[k; MFk;.

Kl;lk; thpf;fha;

htpd; Kl;lk; ehl;L ,ufj;jpypUe;J njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ. ruhrhpahf 7 fpnyh vila[s;s gH';fspd; Risfs; bghd; k";rs; epwj;jpy; Ritahf Fiwe;j ehh;jd;ik bfhz;lit MFk;. mjpf juk; ngqk; jd;ik (Keeping Quality) bfhz;lJ.

gprpdw;w gyh

fh;ehlf khepyj;jpd; flw;fiu gFjpapypUe;J njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;lJ. kpff; Fiwthd gprpd; bfhz;l/ eLj;ju mst[s;s 6-8 fpnyh vila[s;s gH';fs; bfhz;lJ. gH xd;wpy; ,sk; k";rs; epwkhd mjpf Rita[s;s 120 -140 Risfs; fhzg;gLk;.

Risaw;w gyh

Risaw;w gyh tif m!;!hk; khepyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU gUtj;jpy; kubkhd;Wf;F 50 – 55 gH';fs; cUthFk;. brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; fpilf;Fk; ,it Kw;Wk; Kd;ng mWtil bra;ag;gl;L CWfha; bra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gyhtpy; gaph; bgUf;fk;

gyh gapuhdJ Kf;fdpfspy; xd;whd Kf;fpakhd gy;yhz;L gapuhFk;. gyh ku';fis ,uz;L Kiwapy; gaph; bgUf;fk; bra;ayhk;.

I. tpijapd; \yk; gaph; bgUf;fk;

II. tpijapy;yh Kiwapy; gaph; bgUf;fk;

jz;Lfs;/ nth;f;Fr;rpfs;/ xl;Lr;brofs; kw;Wk; bkhl;L brofs; nghd;w tpijapy;yh KiwapYk; gaph;bgUf;fk; bra;ayhk;.

I. tpijapd; \yk; gaph; bgUf;fk;

bghJthf gyh ku';fis ,uz;L tpjkhf tptrhapfs; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. gyh ku';fis/ fl;Lkhdg; bghUshft[k;/ kur;rhkhd;fs; bra;at[k;/ gH';fis czt[ bghUshft[k; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. fl;Lkhd bghUSf;F gad;gLj;j tpUk;g[k; kf;fs; ehw;Wf;fisna elt[ bra;thh;fs;. ehw;Wf;fs; br';Fj;jhf tsUk;/ gf;f fpisfs; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. kiyg;gFjpapy; fhg;gp njhl;l';fspy; CLgapuhft[k;/ kpsF bfhofSf;F jh';F kukhft[k; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ehw;Wf;fs; \yk; elt[ bra;ag;gl;l njhl;l';fspy; 5 Kjy; 6 tUl';fspy; gH';fis mWtil bra;ayhk;.

jha;ku';fis fz;lwpjy;

tpijfs; nrfhpg;gjw;F Kd;g[ njhl;l';fspy; cs;s jha;ku';fis njh;t[bra;J milahskpl ntz;Lk;. jha;ku';fis/ kfNy; jpwd;/ gHj;jpd; juk;/ g[{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; jh';fp tsUk; jd;ik nghd;w Fzhjpra';fspd; mog;gilapy; njh;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. gHj;jpd; juk; vd;gJ Risapd; Rit/ epwk;/ jokd;/ tpijapd; vil kw;Wk; mst[ nghd;w midj;J Fz';fisa[k; cs;sl';fpaJ.

tpij njh;t[

gH';fspy; ,Ue;J tpijfis Kjypy; gphpj;J vLf;f ntz;Lk;. gHj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh tpijfisa[k; ehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;j KoahJ. bghpa mst[ cs;s tpijfis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. me;j tpijfs; Jhpjkhft[k/; mjpf Kisg;g[j;jpwd; cilajhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. gHj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLj;j tpijfis ed;F Rj;jkhd ePhpy; fGtntz;Lk;. gpd;dh;/ epHypy; xU kzp neuk; cyu itj;j gpd;dh; tpijg;g[f;F gad;gLj;jyhk;. tpijfs; FWfpa fhyk; kl;Lnk Kisg;g[jpwd; cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

tpij neh;j;jp

gHj;jpy; ,Ue;j vLj;j tpijfis mnj ehspy; tpijf;f gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. rpy ehl;fSf;F tpijfis nrkpf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; epHypy; cyh;j;jpa tpijfis fhw;W g[fhj gpsh!;of; FLitfspy; my;yJ igfspy; milj;J 68 ofphp ghuhd;QPl; btg;gj;jpy;/ 30 ehl;fs; nrkpf;fyhk;. gpd;dh; 24 kzp neuk; tpijfis kpjkhd btg;gKila ePhpy; Cwitj;J gpd;dh; tpijf;fyhk;. Kisg;g[ jpwid mjpfg;gLj;j tpijfis 200 gpgpvk; $pg;buypf; mkpyj;jpy; 24 kzp neuk; Cwitj;J gpd;dh; tpijf;fyhk;. tpijj;njhy; btoj;j tpijfis tpijf;F gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ.

tpijf;Fk; Kiwfs;

kz;/ kzy;/ bjhGcuk; fye;j fyitia ghypj;jPd; igfspy; (20 x 12.5 br.kP) epug;gp gpd;dh; jz;zPh; ed;F Cw;wp igfspy; cs;s fyitia ed;F eidj;j gpd;dh;/ igfspd; ikaj;jpy; 5 br.kP MHj;jpy; tpijfis gf;fthl;lkhf tpijf;f ntz;Lk;. tpijapd; nky; gFjpapy; bts;is epw nknyhL xU g[s;spapy; Ftpa[k;/ me;j ,lkhdJ kz;iz bjhLk; tifapy; tpijf;f ntz;Lk;. tpij mGfiy jLf;f fhh;gd;lrpk; kUe;J (2fpuhk;/ypl;lh;) fiurypy; 10-15 epkpl';fs; Cwitj;J gpd;dh; tpijg;gJ ey;yJ. gpd;dh; kzy;/ kz; bfhz;L tpijfis \l ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tpijf;fg;gl;l tpijfs; 7 Kjy; 21 ehl;fspy; Kisj;JtpLk;. ehs;njhWk; jz;zPh; Cw;w ntz;Lk;. ehw;Wf;fs; Jhpjkhf tsUk; jd;ika[ilaJ. 3 Kjy; 4 khj';fspy; xU mo tsh;e;JtpLk;. 10 Kjy; 12 taJila ehw;Wf;fis elt[f;F gad;gLj;jyhk;. tpij \yk; cw;gj;jp bra;j ehw;Wf;fis xl;Lr;brofs; cw;gj;jpf;F nth;r;broahft[k; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

jz;L \yk; cw;gj;jp

ehw;Wf;fspy; ,Ue;J ,iya[ld; Toa ,sk; jz;Lfis btl;o vLj;J I.gp.V (,znlhy; gpa[l;hpf; mkpyk;) 0.8 rjk; fiurypy; eidj;J elt[ bra;tjhy; jz;Lfspy; nth;fs; cw;gj;jpahFk;. njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l jz;Lfspd; bgd;rpy; mst[ jokida[ila gFjpapy; nky; gl;ilia rpW tisak; nghy; btl;o vLj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;. 20 ehl;fs; fHpj;J tisak; nghy; cs;s gFjpf;F fPnH xU btl;L bfhLj;J jz;L gFjpia btl;o vLj;J ,uz;L epkplk; I.gp.V 750 gpgpvk; fiurypy; eidj;J ghypj;jpd; igfspy; elt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. 60 Kjy; 70 ehl;fs; fHpj;j gpd;dh; jz;Lfspy; nth;fs; cw;gj;jpahFk;. 2-3khj';fs; epHy; tiy Tlhu';fspy; itj;J guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; gUtkiH fhyj;jpy; elt[f;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.

xl;Lf;fs; \yk; cw;gj;jp

,e;jpah/ ,d;njhndrpah/ knyrpah kw;Wk; jha;yhe;J nghd;w ehLfspy; xl;Lr; brofs; \ynk gaph; bgUf;fk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ. xl;Lr;brofs; cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLk; fhyj;jpd; btg;gepiy kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gfy; neuj;jpy; 70 Kjy; 85 ofphp ghud;Qpl; btg;gKk;/ ,ut[ neuj;jpy; 55 65ofphp ghud;Qpl; btg;gKk; epyt[k; fhy';fs; xl;L fl;l Vw;wjhFk;.

ciw xl;Lf;fl;Ljy;

nth;r;brofs; kw;Wk; nky; jz;L gFjpapy;/ ePsthl;oy; mjpf MHkpy;yhky; rPtp vLf;f ntz;Lk;. nth;r;broapy; rpWgFjp nky; gl;ilia nth;r;broapnyna tpl;Ltpl ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; nky; jz;il rPtg;gl;l nth;r;broapy; itj;J ghypj;jpd; Jz;L/ bkGfpy; eidj;j fhlh Jzpia bfhz;L fl;l ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW fl;Lk; nghJ nth;r;broapy; vw;fdnt cs;s rpW nky; gl;ilia J}f;fp nky; jz;il bghUj;jp nky; gl;ilia mjd; nky; nghh;j;jp fhlh Jzpahy; fl;l ntz;Lk;. rpwpa mst[ ghypj;jPd; ig bfhz;L \l ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xl;L fl;lg;gl;l brofSf;F fhiy kw;Wk; khiy neu';fspy; ,uz;L Kiw ePh; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW 75 Kjy; 80 ehl;fs; guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; xl;L fl;oa broia neuo btg;gj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;f epHy; tiy Tlhu';fspy; itj;J guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. xl;L fl;oa gFjpf;F fPnH cs;s gUf;fs; Jsph;j;J tsutha;g;g[ cs;sJ. mt;thW Jsph;f;Fk; jsph;fis nth;r;broapypUe;J fps;sp ePf;f ntz;Lk;.

2 Kjy; 4 thu';fs; fHpj;J xl;Lf;fl;oa nky; jz;od; g[J Jsph;fs; njhd;Wk;. gpd;dh; ghypj;jPd; igia vLj;Jtpl ntz;Lk;. xl;Lf;fhf njh;t[ bra;ag;gl;l nky; jz;L gFjpia 12 ofphp brd;ofpnul; btg;gj;jpy; xU thu fhyk; nrkpf;fyhk;. gpd;dh; xl;Lf;fl;l gad;gLj;jyhk;. xl;Lf; fl;o 120 Kjy; 150 ehl;fs; fHpj;J xl;Lr;brofis elt[ taypy; gUt kiHf;F rpy fhyk; Kd;dh; elt[ bra;ayhk;.

jha;kuj;Jld; Toa xl;Lfl;Lk; Kiw

,e;j Kiwapy; xl;Lf;fs; jha;kuj;Jlnd nrh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; xl;L fl;l xUtaJila nth;r;broia gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. my;yJ nth;r;broapd; jz;L bgd;rpy; my;yJ Rz;Ltpuy; mst[ jokd; ,Ue;jhYk; mjid nth;r;broahf gad;gLj;jyhk;.

xl;Lf;fl;l ,uz;L gFjpfs; njitg;gLfpwJ. xd;W nth;r;bro kw;wJ nky;jz;L my;yJ rpWjsph; my;yJ bfhk;g[ vd;W brhy;Yk; gFjpahFk;. nth;r;broia vLj;J brd;W xl;Lf;fl;lg;gl ntz;oa jha;broapd; mUfpy; itj;J nth;r;broapd; jz;LfSf;F bghUj;jkhd bfhk;ig jha;broapy; njh;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; jha;broapd; jz;oy; 5 Kjy; 6 br.kP mstpw;F nky; gl;ila[ld; rpwpJ cs;gFjpia miu epyt[ nghy; btl;o vLf;f ntz;Lk;. nth;r;broapYk; mnj nghy; btl;o vLj;J tpl;L/ btl;Lg;gl;l ,uz;L gFjpiaa[k; nrh;j;J bkGfpy; eidj;j fhlh Jzpahy; ,Wf;fp fl;l ntz;Lk;. xl;Lf;fl;o 75 Kjy; 90 ehl;fs; fHpj;j gpd;dh; g[jpa xl;L broia/ jha;kuj;jpypUe;J gphpf;f ,uz;L Kiw 15 ehl;fs; ,ilbtspapy; btl;L bfhLj;j gpd;dh; vLf;f ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW bra;a[k;nghJ g[jpajhf xl;L fl;oa bro jdf;F njitahd czt[ kw;Wk; ePiu jha;broapy; ,Ue;J vLg;gJ 50% Fiwa[k;. g[jpa xl;L bro jdf;F njitahd czit jhnd jd; g[jpa ,iyapd; \yk; cw;gj;jp bra;aj; bjhl';Fk;. Kjy; btl;L bfhLj;J 15 ehl;fs; ,ilbtspapy; ,uz;lhk; btl;L bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;. g[jpa xl;L brofis epHy; tiu Tlhu';fspy; itj;J guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. 120 Kjy; 150 ehl;fshd xl;L brofis tpw;gidf;F my;yJ elt[f;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.

gl;il Kiw bkhl;Lf;fl;Ljy;

xU rpy ,uf';fspy;/ bfhk;g[ my;yJ rpWjsph;fs; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk;. me;j rka';fspy; xU bfhk;gpypUe;J 5-6 bkhl;Lf;fis gl;ila[ld; rJu totpy; btl;o vLj;J bkhl;Lf;fl;l gad;gLj;jyhk;. bkhl;Lf;fl;Lk; nghJk; nth;r;bro bgd;rpy; jokd; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. bfhk;g[fspy; ,Ue;J bkhl;Lf;fis rpwpjst[ gl;ila[ld; rJu totpy; btl;o vLj;J/ nth;r;broapy; ey;y gUkdhf cs;s bkhl;il nky; gl;il kw;Wk; rpwpjst[ rijg;gFjpa[ld; rJukhf xU brd;okPl;lUf;F Fiwthf ,Uf;FkhW ghh;j;J btl;o vLj;J tpl;L bfhk;g[fspy; ,Ue;J vLj;j bkhl;il nky; itj;J ghyPj;jpd; ngg;gh; gl;il bfhz;L fl;l ntz;Lk;. mt;thW fl;Lk;nghJ bkhl;L btspg;gf;fk; bjhpa[khW itj;J fl;l ntz;Lk;. nth;r;broapy; bkhl;Lf;fl;oa ,lj;jpw;F nkny cs;s jz;LgFjpia btl;otpl ntz;Lk;. bkhl;Lf;fl;oa brofis epHy; tiy Tlhu';fspy; itj;J guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. bkhl;Lf;fl;oa ,lj;jpy; g[jpa Jsph;fs; 45-65 ehl;fspy; njhd;Wk;. bkhl;L brofs; xd;W Kjy; xd;wiu mo tsh;e;j gpd;dh; gUtkiH fhyj;jpy; elt[f;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.

bghJthf tptrhapfs; jha;kuj;Jld; Toa xl;Lfl;Lk; Kiwapy; jahhpf;Fk; xl;Lr;brofisna elt[ bra;a tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;.

gyh rhFgof;nfw;w gUtk;/ elt[ bra;jy; kw;Wk; ePh; eph;thfk;

gUtk;

gyh xU btg;g kz;ly khdhthhpg; gapuhFk;. vy;yh tpjkhd fhy epiyfspYk; tsuf;ToaJ vd;whYk;/ <ug;gjkhd btg;g kz;ly jl;gbtg;gj;jpy; ed;whf tsuf;ToaJ. rkbtsp kw;Wk; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1600 kPl;lh; cauk; tiu ed;F tsUk;. <ug;gjk; Toa btg;g kz;ly fhyepiya[ld; xU Mz;ow;F Rkhh; 1500 kpy;yp kPl;lh; kiH bgWfpd;w gFjpfspy; ey;y tpisr;riyg; bgwyhk;. gyh mjpfg;goahd <uk; kw;Wk; bts;sk; tuf;Toa ,l';fSf;F cfe;jjy;y.

$Pd; Kjy; ork;gh; tiu gyhtpid elt[ bra;ayhk;. bjd;nkw;F gUtkiH bgUk; ,l';fspy; $Pd; - $Piy khjj;jpYk;/ tlfpHf;F gUtkiH bgUk; ,l';fspy; brg;lk;gh; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu elt[ bra;jhy; el;l brofs; kiHia gad;gLj;jp caph; gpoj;J ed;F tsUk;.

elt[ tay; jahh; bra;jy;

epyj;ij ,uz;L Kjy; \d;W Kiw cHt[ bra;J jahh; bra;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. xl;Lr; brofis eLtjw;F 8 x 8 kPl;lh; ,ilbtspapy; 1 kPl;lh; ePsk; 1 kPl;lh; mfyk; kw;Wk; xU kPl;lh; MHj;jpy; rJu totpy; FHpfis vLj;J elt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. tskhd kz;zpy; FHpfSf;F ,ilapy; mjpf ,ilbtsp ,Ue;jhy; bro ed;F fpisj;J tsUk;. ghY}h; - 1 nghd;w mjpfk; gluhj uf';fis tPl;Lj; njhl;l';fspy; elt[ bra;J gad; bgwyhk;.

FHp vLf;Fk; bghGJ btl;oa nky; kz;iz xU gf;fkhft[k;/ mo kz;iz xU gf;fkht[k; nghl ntz;Lk;. nky; kz;qld; 10 fpnyh kf;fpa bjhG cuk; kw;Wk; xU fpnyh ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;Fld; fye;J FHpfis epug;g ntz;Lk;. FHpapy; 100 fpuhk; ypz;nld; J}s; kUe;jpid ,l;L ed;F fpswp tplntz;Lk;.

elt[r; bro kw;Wk; elt[ bra;jy;

neuo tpij elt[ Kiwapy;/ Kjypy; xt;bthU FHpapYk; 3 Kjy; 4 gyh tpijfis Cd;w ntz;Lk;. tpij Kisj;J fd;Wfs; caph;g;gpoj;J tsUk; jUzj;jpy;/ thspg;ghf tsUk; xnu xU fd;iw kl;Lk; mDkjpf;f ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; xl;Lr;brojhd; elt[f;F rpwe;jJ. Vbddpy; gyh may; kfue;j nrh;f;iff;F cl;gLk; gapuhjyhy; bfhl;ilapypUe;J tsh;f;ff;Toa fd;Wfs; jhapd; Fzeyd;fis bgw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. nkYk; xU gHj;jpYs;s bfhl;ilfspypUe;J tsh;f;fg;gLk; fd;Wfs; Tl xj;j Fzeyd;fis bgw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. gHj;jpd; gUkd; vil Risfspd; vz;zpf;if Rit nghd;wtw;wpy; khWgl;oUf;Fk;. vdnt xl;Lr;brofis elt[ bra;tjpd; \yk; ehk; vjph;ghh;f;ff;Toa juj;jpy; gH';fis bgwKoa[k;.

xl;Lr;brofis ntUld; xl;oa[s;s kz; fiyahky; FHpapd; ikag;gFjpapy; itj;J xl;Lg;gFjp jiu kl;lj;jpw;F nky; 75 br.kP cauj;jpy; ,Uf;FkhW elt[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. el;l gpd;g[ broiar; Rw;wpa[s;s kz;izf; bfh";rk; bfh";rkhfj; js;sp ed;whf mGj;jp tplntz;Lk;.

khiy ntisapy; elt[ bra;jy; ed;W. el;l gpd;g[ ,U gf;fKk; Fr;rpfis el;L “¥” tot gpd;dy; Kiwapy; rzyhy; fl;o fhw;wpy; Mlhtz;zk; epWj;j ntz;Lk;. xU khjj;jpy; fha;e;j xl;Lr;brofis mg;g[wg;gLj;jp g[jpa xl;Lr; brofis elt[bra;J ,ilbtspfis epug;g ntz;Lk;. brofSf;F ,ilapy; tsUk; fisfis mt;tg;nghJ Kw;wpYkhf ePf;fp tUtJ ey;y tsh;r;rpf;F VJthf mika[k;.

ePh;g;ghrdk;

elt[ bra;jgpd; cldoahf brofSf;F ePh; Cw;w ntz;Lk;. gpd; \d;whk; ehs; ePh; gha;r;r ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd; el;l brofs; ed;F caph; gpof;Fk; tiu mof;fo jz;zPh; tplntz;Lk;. gyh khdhthhpg; gapuhf ,e;jpahtpy; gaph; bra;ag;gLtjhy; brofis el;l xU tUlk; tiu thuk; xUKiw ePh; gha;r;rp guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. gpwF njitg;gLk; bghGJ ePh; gha;r;rpdhy; nghJkhdJ.

jz;zPh; rpf;fdj;jpw;F tl;l ghj;jp Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp ePh; gha;r;ryhk;. brhl;L ePh; ghrdKk; jz;zPh; gw;whf;Fiw cs;s ,l';fSf;F Vw;wjhFk;. gyhtpy; g[{f;Fk; kw;Wk; fha; gpof;Fk; gUt';fshdJ ePh; njitapd; beUf;fo gUt';fshff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jg; gUt';fspy; ePh; ghrdj;ij mspg;gjd; \yk; gyhtpd; kfNiy mjpfhpf;fyhk;. fha; Kw;Wk; jUzj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; ePh; gha;r;Rk; nghJ gyh Risapd; Rit Fiwaf; Toa tha;g;g[fs; cs;sd. vdnt kpjkhd mstpy; ePh; gha;r;Rtnj cfe;jJ.

gyhtpy] cueph]thfk]/ Cl]lr]rj]J FiwghLfs] kw]Wk] epth]j]jp bra]jy]

gyhtpw]F cukpLjy]/ fd]W eLtjpy] ,Ue]J Muk]gpj]JtpLfpwJ. Kjy] ,aw]if cukpLjy] FHpfis epug]g[k]nghJ bra]ag]gLfpwJ. fd]Wfs] el]l Kjy] Mz]oy] fd]W xd]Wf]F 10 fpnyh bjhG cuk]/ 150 fpuhk] jiHr]rj]J/ 80 fpuhk] kzpr]rj]J kw]Wk] 100 fpuhk] rhk]gy] rj]Jf]fis ,l ntz]Lk]. 6 tUl']fSf]Fg] gpwF 50 fpnyh bjhG cuk]/ 750 fpuhk] jiHr]rj]J/ 450 fpuhk] kzpr]rj]J kw]Wk] 500 fpuhk] rhk]gy] rj]Jf]fisa[k] ,lntz]Lk]. MapDk] ghpe]Jiuf]fg]gl]l cu mst[fs]/ ,uf']fisg] bghUj]J rpwpJ khWgLk] vdpDk] cu']fis mit kz]zpy] cs]s msitg] bghUj]Jk] khw]wpf] bfhs]syhk].

xU']fpize]j Cl]lr]rj]J nkyhz]ik

cukpLjypy] bro xd]Wf]F tUlh tUlk] ,lg]gl ntz]oa cuj]jpd] mst[ fPnH bfhLf]fg]gl]Ls]sJ

Kjy] Mz]L (fpnyh) Mz]L cah]t[ (fpnyh)

6tJ Mz]L Kjy] (fpnyh)

bjhG cuk]

rhk]gy] rj]J

,g]nfh fhk]g]sf]!] 10:26:26 a{hpah ,lntz]oa mst[ (fpnyh /xU kuj]jpw]F)

cukpLk] fhyk]

xU tUlk]

tUlh tUlk] mjpfhpg]g[

6 tUl']fSf]Fg] gpwF

cukpLk] fhyk]

cukpLk] fhykhdJ jl]gbtg]g epiy/ ePh]ghrd trjp/ kz] tiffs]/ ,iy tsh]r]rp g{f]fs] cw]gj]jp nghd]wtw]iwa[k] bghUj]nj eph]zapf]fg]gLfpwJ. rhjhuzkhf/ Mz]ow]F ,U Kiw cuk] ghpe]Jiuf]fg]gLfpwJ. mjhtJ gUtkiH bjhl']Fk] Kd] ($Pd] - $Piy khjk]) kw]Wk] gUtkiH Koa[k] fhyk] (brg]lk]gh] - mf]nlhgh] khjk]) vd ,uz]L Kiw gphpj]J ,l ntz]Lk].

cukspf]Fk] Kiw

bjhGcuk] kw]Wk] ,urhad cu']fis kuj]jpypUe]J ,uz]L my]yJ \d]W mo js]sp 60 br.kP mfyk] kw]Wk] 15 br.kP MHj]jpy] ,lg]gl]L gpd] kz]qld] fye]J ePh]g]gha]r]rg]gLfpwJ. cu']fis mspf]Fk] Kd]/ mk]kuj]ij Rw]wpa[s]s fisfis vLf]f ntz]Lk]. gpd] ed]whf ePh] gha]r]r ntz]Lk].

Ez]q}l]lr]rj]Jf]fs]

Ez]q}l]lr]rj]Jf]fs] kpf rpwpa mstpy] njitg]gl]lhYk]/mit ku']fspd] tsh]r]rp kw]Wk] Kjph]r]rpapy] Kf]fpa g']F tfpf]fpd]wd. gyhtpy] Ez]q}l]lr]rj]Jf]fis bjhlh]e]J mspf]FkhW ghpe]Jiuf]fg]gltpy]iy. Ez]q}l]lr]rj]Jf]fshd Jj]jehfk]/ nghuhd]/ kh']fdP!]/ kf]dPrpak] kw]Wk] ,Uk]g[ nghd]wit kfNiy ghjpf]Fk]nghJ njitf]nfw]g mspf]fg]gl ntz]Lk].

Ez]q}l]lr]rj]J gw]whf]FiwfSk] epth]j]jp bra]a[k] KiwfSk]

bkf;dPrpar; rj;J gw]whf]Fiw
mwpFwp

,jpy] Kjph]e]j ,iyfspd] ,il euk]g[fs] k"]rs] epwkhff] fhzg]gLk].
gRik nrhif tpspk]g[fspy] Muk]gpj]J eL euk]g[ tiu gutp ,Uf]Fk].

epth]j]jp

nlhyikl] xU kuj]jpw]F 5 fpnyh tPjk] kz]zpy] fye]J ,l ntz]Lk].

kh']fdp!] rj]J gw]whf]Fiw
mwpFwp

,iyfs] k"]rs] epwkhf khwptpLk]
euk]g[fs] gr]ir epwkhfnt fhzg]gLk]

epth]j]jp

kh']fdP!] ry]ngl]il (MnSO4) xU kuj]jpw]F 500 fpuhk] tPjk] xU tUlj]jpw]F xU Kiw ,lntz]Lk].

nghuhd] rj]J gw]whf]Fiw
mwpFwp

gH']fs] gphpe]Jk] btog]g[w]Wk] rptg]g[ fye]j Cjh epwj]jpy] fhzg]gLk].
,iyfspy] gRik nrhif Vw]gLk] ,iyfs] xL']fp tplf]TLk].
Edpj]jz]Lfs] nkhrkhf tsUk].

epth]j]jp

nghuhf]!] 250 fpuhk] / kuk] /tUlk] vd]w mstpy] kz]zpy] fye]J ,l ntz]Lk].

gyhtpy] ,Uk]g[r]rj]J gw]whf]Fiw

,sk] ,iyfspy] euk]gpil nrhif fhzg]gLk].
euk]g[fs] gr]irahfnt ,Uf]Fk].
jPtpukhd epiyfspy] KG ,iyfSnk k"]rshf khwptpLk].
,iyfspd] eL euk]g[ gr]ir epwkhfnt ,Uf]Fk] Mdhy] tsh]r]rp Fd]wp fhzg]gLk].

epth]j]jp

,Uk]g[ ry]ngl]0.5 fpnyh/tUlk] vd]w mstpy] kz]zpy] fye]J ,l ntz]Lk].

gyhtpy] Jj]Jehfr]rj]J gw]whf]Fiw
mwpFwp

,iyfs] rpwpajhft[k]/ bky]ypajhft[k] tpspk]g[g] gFjpfs] nkw]g[wkhfnth my]yJ fPH]g[wkhfnt kl']fpf] fhzg]gLk].
fqf]fspd] ,ilbtspfs] Fiwe]J ,iyfs] bfhj]jhf mLf]fLf]fha] fhzg]gLk].
btsphpa euk]gpilg]gug]g[fSk] gr]ir euk]g[fSk] Jj]jehfg] gw]whf]Fiwapd] jdpj]j mwpFwpahFk].
,g]gw]whf]Fiw Edpf]fUfiy Vw]gLj]Jk]. ,tw]iw fsh] kw]Wk] cth] epy']fspy] fhzyhk].

epth]j]jp

xU ypl]lh] ePhpy] 2 Kjy] 5 fpuhk] Jj]jehfk] ry]ngl] kw]Wk] 5 Kjy] 10 fpuhk] a{hpah fye]J mspg]gjhy] rhpbra]a Koa[k].

gyh totikg;g[
kw;Wk; fthj;J

,e;jpahit jhafkhff; bfhz;l gyhthdJ bgUk;ghYk; kw;w gHj;njhl;l';fspy; Jizg; gapuhfnth my;yJ tPl;Lj; njhl;l';fspnyh tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy ,l';fspy; kl;Lnk ,J Kiwahd tptrha Kiwfspd; go KGikahd njhl;l';fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

gyhtpy; totikg;g[ kw;Wk; fthj;jpd; mtrpak;

gyh mokyuy; vDk; jdpj;Jt ,ay;g[ilaJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf kuj;jpd; gpujhd jz;oYk; nthpYk; g[{j;jy; fha;j;jy; epfGk;. vdnt/ fha;fs; kuj;jpd; fPH;kl;l jz;oypUe;nj/ njhd;wp cUthtjhy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; fthj;J bra;af;Toa rhj;jpaf;TWfs; Fiwt[. vdpDk; kuj;jpd; fPH;kl;l jz;od; cWjpapida[k; gUkida[k; nkk;gLj;jt[k; tYthd gf;ff; fpisfis cUthf;ft[k; njitahd bjhHpy; El;g';fs; cs;sd. mtw;iw ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhzyhk;.

kutoikg;gpd; nehf;fk; kw;Wk; gad;fs;

gyhtpw;fhd totikg;g[ elt[ bra;a[k; fhy fl;lj;jpypUe;nj/ mjhtJ ,sku';fshf ,Uf;Fk; nghnj bjhl';FfpwJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; fPH;kl;l jz;od; gUkid mjpfg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; neuhf totikj;jy; MFk;;. mjhtJ fPH;kl;l jz;L tise;J bry;yhky; neuhf bry;YkhW tsh;f;f ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F elt[ bra;a[k;nghJ Fr;rpfis itj;J fl;Ljy; mtrpak;. fPH;kl;l jz;oid totikj;J gpd; gf;ff; fpisfis cWjpahf ,Uf;FkhW totikf;f ntz;Lk;. ed;F gue;J tphpe;j tYthd rhuf;fl;L fpisfspdhy; kl;Lnk gyhf; fdpfis jh';fp jf;f itj;Jf; bfhs;s Koa[k;. kuj;jpd; gf;ff; fpisfspYk;/ eLg;gFjpfspYk; Nhpaxsp gLkhW totikj;jy; mtrpak;. ku tpjhd';fspd; cs;ns mjpf gl;r epHy; Vw;gLk; NHiyj; jtph;j;jy; mtrpak;. gf;ff; fpisfis cWjpahf rPuhf totikg;gjpdhy; fis vLf;ft[k;. cukplt[k; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp Cf;fpfs;/ g{r;rp kUe;Jfs; bjspf;ft[k; VJthf ,Uf;Fk;. mjw;fhf bryt[k; Fiwa[k;. fpisfis rPuhf totikg;gjpdhy; mjpf Nhpa xspapdhy; ku';fspy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fSk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; nrj';fSk; jtph;f;fg;gLk;;. gH';fis jh';Ftjw;F Vw;wKiwapy; tYthd gf;ff;

fpisfisa[k; cUthf;f Koa[k;.

gpukpL totj;jpy; cs;s gyh ku';fs; kl;Lnk mjpf mstpy; Nhpa xspapid gutyhf fpufpj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toa ,iyg; gug;gpidf; bfhz;Ls;sjha; mike;jpUf;Fk;. vdnt Nhpa xspapid mjpf mstpy; fpufpf;Fk; ,iyg;gug;gpd; \yk; xspr;nrh;f;ifj; jpwd; nkk;gLtjhy;

gH';fspd; juk; nkd;ikaile;J fhzg;gLk;.

vdnt totikg;g[ bra;a[k; nghJ Muk;gj;jpy; njhd;Wk; rpwpa gf;ff; fpisfis ePf;fp tpl;L rPuhd neuhd jz;L Rkhh; 1.5kP cauk; tiuapy; tsutpl ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kiyg;gFjpfspy; bghJthf gyhkuj;jpd; jz;Lfspy; kpsF brofis glutpl;L tsh;g;gjhy; gyhtpd; eLj; jz;oid Rkhh; 2.0 Kjy; 3.0 kPl;lh; czuk; tiuapy; tsutpl;L gpd; 4 Kjy; 5 gf;ff; fpisfis ehyhgf;fKk; tphpe;J gut[khW mikf;f ntz;Lk;. ku';fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; Nhpa xsp ed;F tpLk;go fpisfis rPuhf;f ntz;Lk;.

fthj;J bra;jy;

ku';fspy; fha;fspd; cw;gj;jp Muk;gpj;j gpd;dh; bra;ag;gLk; njitaw;w fpisfspd; ePf;fk; fthj;J vdg;gLk;. fthj;J bra;jy; ku';fspy; fha;fspd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd xU rhFgo Kiw MFk;. ku';fspy; jhH;thf cs;s fpisfs;/ FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf tsh;e;j fpisfs;/ twl;rp/ g[{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; jhf;fp fha;e;J nghd fpisfis ePf;f ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ey;y fhw;nwhl;lKk; Nhpa xspa[k; fpilj;J mjpf g[{f;fs; njhd;wp fha;fs; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;f cjt[fpwJ.

fthj;J bra;tjd; gad;fs;

mjpf Nhpa xsp cl;g[Ftjhy; fha;fspd; juk; caUk;.
fhw;nwhl;lk; nkk;gLtjhy; g{r;rp neha;j; jhf;fk; Fiwa[k;
ku';fs; brHpg;ghf jiHj;J tsUk; Fiwa[k;
cukp[Ljy;/ fis vLj;jy;/ ePh; gha;r;Rjy; vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fha;e;j kw;Wk; cile;j fpisfis mfw;Wtjd; \yk; kPz;Lk; fpisfspy; Vw;gLk; nrjhuk; jtph;f;fg;gLk;
g[jpa g{f;fs; njhd;wp kfNy; kw;Wk; gH';fspd; juk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

gyhtpy; fthj;J bra;a[k; Kiw

gyh bgUkstpy; jd;dpr;irahf tpijfspypUe;nj cUthf;fg;gLtjhy; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; fthj;J bra;ag;gLtjpy;iy vdpDk; jw;nghJ xl;Lf;fd;Wfs; \yk; tsh;f;fg;gLtjhy; kuj;jpd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; cauj;ij fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpakhfpwJ. xl;Lf; fd;Wfs; Fl;ilahf tsUk; jd;ikia bgw;wpUg;gnjhL mjpfg;goahd gf;ff;fpisfisa[k; cUthf;Ftjhy; fthj;J bra;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ. kuj;jpd; cl;gFjpf;Fs; CLUtpr;bry;Yk; FWf;F beLf;Fkhd fpisfis btl;o mg;g[wg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,J jtpu fha;e;j tYtpy;yhj g[{r;rp neha; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shd fpisfisa[k; btl;o mfw;w ntz;Lk;. njitahd neuj;jpy; fthj;J bra;ag;glhky; ,Ue;jhy; FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf tsh;e;Js;s fpisfshy; mWtil neuj;jpYk; taypy; bra;af;Toa ,d;d gpw ntiyfshd fis vLj;jy;/ cukpLjy;/ kUe;J bjspj;jy; Mfpatw;wpYk; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;. Mz;LnjhWk; bghJthf gyh khh;r; Kjy; $%d; tiu mWtil bra;ag;gLk;. mWtilapd; nghJ gH';fis kuj;jz;LfspypUe;J gphpj;J vLj;j gpd; v";rpapUf;Fk; Fr;rpfis ePf;fp tpLtJ mtrpak;. ,t;thW bra;tjhy; mLj;j Kiw kPz;Lk; g[{f;fs; cUthtjw;F VJthf mika[k;.

gyhtpy; CL gaph;
rhFgo Kiwfs;

gyh ku';fs; epyj;ij KGtJkhf Mf;fpukpg;gjw;F ePz;l fhyk; njitg;gLfpwJ. gyh kuj;jpd; nth; guty; 75 br.kP Rw;wstpYk; 30 br.kP MHj;jpYk; kl;Lnk mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd cwp"]Rk; ry;yp nth;fis bfhz;Ls;sJ. Mzp nth; ,d;Dk; MHkhf brd;whYk; kuj;jpd; moapy; 2.25 kP moj;jz;Lf;F mg;ghy; ePl;of;fg;gLfpwJ. vdnt nth; kz;lyk; kw;Wk; nghl;oapLk; nth;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; tpist[[ Kjy; gj;J tUl';fspy; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

8 Kjy; 10 kPl]lh] ,ilbtspapy; gaphplg]gLk] gyh ,ilnaahd ePz;l ,ilbtspahdJ kw;w gaph;fs; gaph; bra;tjw;F tHp tFf;fpwJ. Xuhz;L my;yJ gy;yhz;L gaph;fis CL gapuhnth (m) fyg;g[g; gapuhfnth gaphpLtjd; \yk; tptrhapfSf;F TLjy; ,yhgk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j CLgaph; (m) fyg;g[g;gaph; rhFgo Kiwapy; gyhtpypUe;J Rkhh; 2 kPl;lh; tiu kw;w gaph;fs; kw;Wk; fisg; gaph;fs; ,y;yhjthW ghh;j;Jf;bfhs;tjd; \yk; cukpLjy; kw;Wk; gpw rhFgo Kiwfs;; bra;tjw;F VJthf ,Uf;Fk;. btt;ntW tifahd gaph;fis cs;slf;fpa gaph; rhFgo Kiwapd; \yk; xuhz;L (m) gUtfhyg; gaph;fis gaphp[Ltjhy; ekf;F cghp tUkhdk] / czt[/ gH';fs;/ vhpbghUs; kw;Wk; jPtdk; Mfpait fpilf;fpwJ. ,jw;F CL gaph; rhFgo Kiw vd;W bgah;/ fyg;g[ gaph; kw;Wk; CL gaph; ,uz;ila[k; nrh;j;J gaphpLk; Kiwf;F gy mLf;F gaph; rhFgo Kiw vd;W bgah;. gyh ku';fspd; taJ kw;Wk; kuj;jpd; nky; fl]L mikg;gpd; guty; jd;ik Mfpatw;iw bghWj;J fyg;g[ gaph; kw;Wk; CL gaph;fs; njh]e;bjLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gyh ku']fis gpd]tUk] Kiwfspy] rhFgo bra]ayhk].

tPl;Lj; njhl;lk;

gyh xU gRik khwh mHfpa kuk]. ey;y mlh;j;jpahd epHiya[k; gy bghUl;fisa[k; juf;Toa xU rpwe;j gpujhd kukhf tPLfspy; tsh]f;fg]gLfpwJ. ,e;j gyh kukhdJ/ gy FLk;gj;jpw;F juf;Toa mstpy; mjpf vz;zpf]ifapyhd Ritahd gH';fis juf;ToaJ. ,k;kukhdJ xU rpwe;j fhw;W jLg;ghdhft[k; mjpf ntfkhd Nwhtsp g[aiya[k; jh';fp epw;f Toa kukhft[k; jpfH;fpwJ. bghpa fpisfspd; Kf;fpa jz;L kw;Wk; cl;g[wj;jpy; gH';fs; njhd;Wtjhy; kpjkhd fhw;W fhuzkhf gH';fs; nrjkiltJ Fiwthf cs;sJ.

kuj;jPtdg; gaph; kw;Wk; my';fhur; bro

fhy; eilfs; gyh ,iyfis tpUk;gp rhg;gpLfpd;wd vdnt rpwpa gyh ku';fs; fhy;eilfsplkpUe;J jg;gp gpiHf;fhJ. MapDk; Kjph;e;j gyh kuj;njhl;l';fspy; fhy;eilfs; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. tpGe;j gyhg; gHk; fhy;eilfshy; cldoahf rhg;gplg;gLfpwJ. my';fhu gyh tifahdJ gsgsg;ghd eLj;ju gr;ir epw ,iyfSld; ey;y eWkzk; bfhz;l mw;g[jkhd my';fhur; broahf tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

epHy; kw;Wk; Jizg; gaph;

fhg;gp/ kpsF/ btw;wpiy kw;Wk; Vyf;fha; nghd;w gaph;fSf;F epHy; kukhf gyh tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. gyh mlh;j;jpahd epHiy jUtjhYk] kw;Wk; mjpf ,ilbtspapy; rhFgo bra;ag;gLtjhYk] FWfpa fhy gaph;fis CLgapuhf bra;a Vw;wJ. gyh kuk; kpsF bfho glh;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; lah!;bfhhpah nghd;w fpH';F tif gaph;fSf;Fk; xU rpwe;j Jizg; gapuhf tps';FfpwJ.

gyhtpy; CLgaph; rhFgo Kiw

gyh kuj;jpd; fpisfs; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpia \Ltjw;F ePz;l ehs; njitg;gLfpwJ. gj;J tUl';fSf;Fg; gpwF mjd; fpisfs; epyj;ij KGtJkhf Mf;fpukpj;Jf;bfhs;Sk;. Muk;g fhy';fspy; ,ilbtspfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk;. CL gaph; rhFgo KiwahdJ mg;gaph;fSf;Fj; njitahd fhy epiyfs;/ ePh;g;ghrd trjp kw;Wk; kz;zpd; jd;ikiag; bghWj;J bra;ag;gLfpwJ. gyh ku';fspd; nky;fl;L mikg;gpd; gUkd;/ gyh ku';fspd; taJ kw;Wk; gyh ku';fSf;fpilnaa[s;s ,ilbtsp Mfpatw;iwa[k; fUj;jpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. tpahghuj;jpw;nfw;w CLgaph;fis njh;t[ bra;jy; mtrpak.;

FWfpa fhy gaph;fshd gaW tiffs;/ thrid gaph;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwp gaph;fis CL gapuhf rhFgo bra;ayhk;. CLgaph; rhFgo bra;tjw;F Kd; gaph;fis njh;t[bra;jy; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. mt;thW bra;jhy; jhd; gHj;njhl;lj;jpd; gy;ntW cw;gj;jp Kiwfspy; ve;jtpj FWf;fPLk; ,Uf;fhJ.

gyh gapuhdJ bjd;idapy; CLgapuhf rhFgo bra;ag;gLfpwJ. gyhtpy; Jhpad;/ kh kw;Wk; vYkpr;ir nghd;wita[k; CL gapuhf gaphplg;gLfpwJ. gyh rhFgoapy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; thiH/ ,dpg;g[ nrhsk; kw;Wk; epyf;fliy nghd;w FWfpa fhy gaph;fs; CL gapuhf rhFgo bra;ag;gLfpwJ.

kz;zpd; <ug;gjk; xU tuk;g[f;Fhpa fhuzpahf ,y;yhj nghJ fha;fwp gaph;fshd btz;il/ fj;jhp/ kpsfha; kw;Wk; jf;fhsp nghd;w gaph;fis CL gapuhf gaph; bra;ayhk;.

gyhtpy;; \L gaph; rhFgo Kiw

ntshz;ik kw;Wk; njhl;lf;fiyg; gaph;fis CLgapuhf rhFgo bra;a ,ayhj NHypy; fisfis fl;Lg;gLj;jt[[k; kz; tsk; kw;Wk; <ug;gjj;ij ghJfhf;ft[[k; gaW tiffis (leguminous cover crop) \L gaph;fshf rhFgo bra;ayhk;. ,e;j gaph;fs; kz;zpy; cs]s jiHr;rj;J epiyia nkk;gLj;Jk;. \L gaph;fis gaph; bra;a[k; nghJ mjpf mlh;j;jpahfhjthW ghh]j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

gyh rhh;e;j fyg;g[g; gaph; rhFgo Kiw

bjd;de; njhg;g[fspy; <uhz;L kw;Wk; gy;yhz;L fhyg; gaph;fis rhFgo bra;tnj fyg;g[g; gaph; rhFgo Kiw m{Fk;;. Xuhz;L kw;Wk; gy;yhz;L fhyk; tsuf;Toa gaph;fs; Kiwna thiH/ gg;ghsp/ md;dhrp/ ghf;F/ gyh kw;Wk; kh Mfpatw;iw bjd;de; njhg;g[fspy; fyg;g[ gaph;fshf gaphpLtJ kpft[k; Vw;wjhFk;. fyg;g[ gaph; rhFgof;F cfe;j gaph;fis njh;e;bjLj;J gaphpl ntz;Lk;. ,y;iybadpy; twl;rpf;fhy';fspy; jz;zPUf;F gaph;fSf;fpilna nghl;o/ fpilf;Fk; Nhpa xspapd; mst[ Fiwjy; kw;Wk; neha;j; jhf;Fjy; nghd;w gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLk;. fyg;g[ gaph; rhFgof;F njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLk; gaph;fs; Xust[ epHiy jh';fp tsuf;Toa gaph;fshft[k; xd;nwhblhd;W ey;y ,zf;fk; bfhz;l gaph;fshf ,Ug;gJ kpft[k; mtrpak;.

bjd;idf;F Vw;w ,izg;gaph] gyh kuk;

jz;zPh; nj';fhj tofhy; trjpa[ila bjd;de;njhg;g[fspy; gyhit ,izg;gapuhf rhFgo bra;ayhk;. g[Jf;nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpYs;s My';Fsk; kw;Wk; md]dtay; nghd;w gy fpuhk';fspy; bjd;de;njhg;gpy; gyh rpwe;j gzk; bfhHpf;Fk; gapuhf gapuplg;gl;L tUfpwJ. gyh xU btg;gkz;lyg; gaph; kukhFk;. rJu Kiwapy; 25 X 25 mo ,ilbtspapy; elt[ bra;ag;gl;l ,sk; bjd;de;njhg;g[ my;yJ tsh;e;j njhg;g[fspYk;/ gyhf;fd;Wfis ,izgapuhf elyhk;. Vf;fUf;F Rkhh; 70-80 bjd;id elg;gl;Ls;s taypy; ehd;F ku';fSf;F eLtpy;; xU gyhf;fd;W tPjk; Vf;fhpy; Rkhh; 50 fd;Wfs; elt[ bra;ayhk;.

gyhtpy; gy mLf;Fg ;gaph;fs; rhFgo Kiw

gy mLf;Fg; gaph;fs; rhFgo Kiw vd;gJ Nhpa xspia rhpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp tptrhak; bra;tjhFk;. njhl;lj;jpy; bjd;id/ gHg;gaph;/ fha;fwp/ bfho tiffs; kw;Wk; fpH';F vd Ie;J mLf;fhf gphpj;J gaph;fs; rhFgo bra;a[k; KiwahFk;.

,jdhy;/ Nhpa xsp neuoahd kz;zpy; tpGtJ jLf;fg;gl;L/ kz;zpd; <ug;gjk; fhf;fg;gLfpwJ/ mjpf Nhpa xspahy; gaph;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLtJk; jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk; gy;ntW cau';fspy; fpilf;ff; Toa Nhpa xspia KGikahf gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. mJ nghynt gy;ntW kl;l kz; mLf;fpy; btt;ntW MHj;jpy; cs;s gy;ntW cur; rj;Jf;fSk; fyg;g[ gaph;fshy; KGikahf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gaph; rhFgof;F nth; mikg;ig gw;wpa mDgtk; kpft[k; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.

; ,e;j gy mLf;Fg; gaph; rhFgoapy; bjd;id/ kpsF/ gyh kw;Wk; md;dhrp Mfpa gaph;fs; ml';Fk.; gy mLf;Fg; gaph; rhFgo Kiwapd; rhj;jpak; kw;Wk; btw;wp kuj;jpd; cah;kl;l fl;likg;igg; bghWj;jjhFk;. ,jpy; Kjy; mLf;F my;yJ jiuj;jsj;jpy; md;dhrpr; broa[k;/ ,uz;lhk; mLf;fpy; gyh jiu kl;lj;jpypUe;J Rkhh; 5 kPl;lh; tsuf;ToaJ. \d;whk; mLf;fpy; kpsF/ bjd;id kPJ Rkhh; 8 kPl;lh; tiu glu tplg;gLk;. ehd;fhk; mLf;fpy; bjd;id ku';fs; fhzg;gLk;.

,e;j ehd;F gaph;fspd; nth;g;gFjpfs; xd;wd; kPJ kw;bwhd;W Mf;fpukpg;g[ bra;tjpy;iy. ,jdhy; gy;ntW cau';fspy; fpilf;fToa Nhpa xsp KGikahf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. md;dhrpahdJ Fiwe;j epHy; gFjpapy; ed;F tsuf;ToaJ. nkYk; Ez; jl;g btg;gepiyfshd ePuhtp nghf;F/ kz;zpd; btg;gepiy/ fhw]wpd] <ug;gjk; kw;Wk; tsp kz;ly btg;g epiy nghd;wita[k; mg;gaph;fs; tsh;tjw;F kpft[k; Jiz g[hpfpwJ.

gymLf;F rhFgo Kiwf;F xU tskhd kzy; fye;j fspkz; njitg;gLfpwJ. kf;fpa kiyg;ghiw kz; kpft[k; Vw;wJ. 750 kp.kP f;F nkyhd Mz;L kiH kw;Wk; msthd <ug;gjKk; mtrpak;. xU Vf;fh; gug;gstpy; gy mLf;F Kiwapy; rhFgo bra;a Rkhh; 1 yl]rk] ypl;lh; jz;zPh; njitg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; \d;W Mz;LfSf;F brhl;L ePh; ghrdKk; gpd;dh; bts;sg;ghrdKk; ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gLfpwJ.

gy mLf;F rhFgo Kiwapy; g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha;jhf;FjYf;F mjpf tha;g;g[s;sJ. Mfnt midj;Jg; gaph;fspYk; g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha;jhf;Fjiy Fiwf;f mjp;fstpy; Nhpa xsp bgWk; mstpy; fthj]J Kiwfs] \yk] guhkhpf;f ntz;Lk;. mWtil bra;tij bghUj;jkl;oy; ,e;j Kiwapy; KGikahf Kjph;r;rp mile;j fha;fis rhpahd neuj;jpy; mWtil bra;antz;Lk;. ,e;j cw;gj;jpapy; mjpf kfNy; bgWtjhy; juk; FiwfpwJ.

fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Rkhh; 4000 mo cauk;/ Mz;L ruhrhp kiH mst[ 1500 kp.kP kw;Wk; fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; 60 % epyt[k; ,lkhd gHdp kiy motu';fspy; gy mLf;F rhFgo gpd; tUk; Kiwapy;; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

t.vz;

gaph;fs;

vz;zpf;if / Vf]fh]

fhg;gp – muhgpfh (5'x7')

900

Mu";R

115

gyh - (20'x20')

100

kpsF

100

bkhj;jk;

1215

fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Rkhh; 3000 mo cauk;/ Mz;L ruhrhp kiH mst[ 1500 kp.kP kw;Wk; fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; 65% epyt[k; ,l';fspy; gpd; tUk; Kiwapy;; gy mLf;F rhFgo Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

t.vz;

gaph;fs;

vz;zpf;if / Vf]fh]

fhg;gp – buhg!;lh (10'X10')

400

thiH (20'X20')

100

gyh - (20'x20')

100

kpsF

100

bkhj;jk;

700